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nasa is known for its iconic Mission

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Control Center in Houston Texas where

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every NASA human mission into space has

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been controlled since 1965

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well just like NASA uses a mission

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control center to run its human

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operations in space the human body has

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it's very own mission control center the

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brain but just imagine if NASA's mission

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control center had to work in

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environments it wasn't designed to

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operate in things might not operate and

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function as planned and that's what

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we'll be looking at how the human body's

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mission control the brain operates in

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the unique environment of space hi I'm

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NASA astronaut Tracy Dyson welcome to

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station life in this episode of station

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life we're going to look at the brain in

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space and the Associated studies

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conducted onboard the International

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Space Station we'll learn about the

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effects of microgravity on the brain and

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the psychological effects of living in

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relative isolation far away from home in

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a stressful and hazardous environment

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we'll see how the European Space Agency

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is studying the effects of microgravity

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and neuroplasticity

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using parabolic flight we'll talk about

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what it's like to acclimate to living in

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microgravity we'll hear from scientists

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here at the Johnson Space Center that

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are studying sensory motor adaptability

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training and recovery of functional

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performance following long-duration

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spaceflight get ready lots of

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information is heading your way one of

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the many challenges that we face on our

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mission to Mars is how our brain will

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adapt to the changes in gravity

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if you take up the six months to get

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there but here's the problem the more

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time you spend in space the longer takes

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your brain to readapt to gravity so what

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does that mean landing on Mars after

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being weightless for six months you have

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trouble walking straight your vision is

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affected poor eye hand coordination

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motion sickness dizziness vomiting some

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people don't even want to move landing

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is one of the most critical aspects of

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the journey so how will this impact our

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trip to Mars first of all landing on

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Mars will require good eye hand

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coordination and perception so say you

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have a safe touchdown but there's an

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emergency situation and you have to exit

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the vehicle

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if you can't function it could be a

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pretty dangerous situation this is just

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one of the human challenges we'll face

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on a mission to Mars we don't have all

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the answers yet but we do have the key

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the International Space Station every

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day aboard we're learning more and more

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about how our bodies adapt to weightless

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environments and gravitational

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transitions we're going to Mars it won't

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be easy but because of the research that

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we're doing today on the ground and

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aboard the International Space Station

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we'll be ready

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today I've been looking actually at the

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brain and how the brain the brain reacts

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to microgravity in a sense it's a very

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simple experiment because we do before

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we take off in which parabolic flight we

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do an MRI measurement this scanner in a

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hospital in Bordeaux and then I off to

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the fight we do the same and then we

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look at the image of the brain and by

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subtracting both images before and after

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microgravity by parabolic flights we

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hope to see changes these changes it

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it's called neuroplasticity and

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neuroplasticity is something we all know

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somehow I can give the example of a

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bicycle if you are a kid and you're

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right a bicycle or you try you fall over

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all the time because you can't do it and

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then suddenly like this you can do it

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and it's very tricky wise but some

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somewhere in the brain there must be

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some connections something which is

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happening actually we want to do the

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same to find out how is the brain

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reacting to microgravity

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where does changes take place in the

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brain we all know it is a very very

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complicated system with a lot of

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connections actually and it's the

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connections which make differences

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between people why people can make some

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logical reasoning and other people can

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do it less or be creative or other type

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of habits it has much to do with the

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create we take connections in the brain

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and these connections sometimes are also

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missing when in patients races so we

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want to look with this method or

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methodology of looking at the brain

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before and after such a huge impact as

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microgravity we found we want to find

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out where does the change take place

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which F really we are related to

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dizziness motion sickness fluid shifts

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things which really happen in

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astronautical notes but the same during

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on board on this parabolic flight

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by using the model of three and post

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parabolic flight we hope to find regions

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which are particularly busy and

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continuing to change all the time to

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adapt to microgravity because it's known

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that people who fly the first day many

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of them are ill if they don't take

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medication but the second day on the

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third day they are much better so the

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must have been changes in the brain real

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changes that's what I want to look at

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the methodology of MRI methods we use is

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a bit different than the normal ones we

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look at diffusion in the neural tracts

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and I can explain it simply by saying

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suppose you have a helicopter and you

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stay with this helicopter like one day

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on top of a big city I'm Saddam or

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Brussels or London and but this camera

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of this helicopter head it's not a power

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to see the buildings only the people who

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are moving on their bike walking or in

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the cars after one day we will have a

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map of this city we will know the main

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roads the small roads the places where

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things are happening or big big streams

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of connectivity that's what we do with

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this methodology of tractography by

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so when I first got to space on sts-118

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unborn endeavor it was my job to unstrap

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as soon as we got main engine cutoff and

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blow it out of my seat grab a video

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camera and videotape the external tank

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falling away so I was one of the very

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first people to get out of my seat and

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all I remember is I hope I don't screw

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this up so I had no time to think about

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acclimating to microgravity I had no

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time to think of am I gonna get sick am

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I gonna be disoriented I just knew I had

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to get that camera on the external tank

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and it did that without any hitches and

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after I launched on the Soyuz rocket and

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I got inside the space station I just

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remember it being like this big swim

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tank your brain goes through this period

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where you you think that's not the way

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it is at home but it was a matter of

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minutes before I just made sense out of

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it and flipped myself around so it was

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you don't like that for everybody but

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some of us get up there and it's just

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like you were made to float in space

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okay so now coming back home that's kind

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of a different story when you come back

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into the tentacles of gravity it it

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pulls you down it weighs you down it

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makes you heavy it makes you tired it

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makes you feel like you are a big

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concrete cinder block and it's it's all

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you can do to just lift your arm I

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remember coming back from on my shuttle

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flight that I did feel a little

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disoriented and walking by myself was a

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little bit of a challenge but you get

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over it kind of quickly but when I was

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on board the space station and I lived

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there for six months and I came back on

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a capsule and bam landed on the ground

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that was one of those cases where I felt

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like I wait I I weighed about like an

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anvil and I couldn't even lift my arm up

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to unhook myself from my seat and I

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didn't know how I was going to get out

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of

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rude awakening hi I'm Terry Virts and I

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want to talk about floating in space one

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of the first things that you need to

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realize when you get into space is that

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even though you feel like you're falling

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you're not and you don't have to flail

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like that you can just sit still you can

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let go and you float it's not a problem

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if something really have to train your

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brain to think about and it takes a

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little bit of time to get used to that

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that sensation of falling but realizing

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you're not falling and you can pretend

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like you're on the moon we have some

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buddies here you can go down it's not

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quite gravity but you can sort of be

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walking on the moon well welcome would

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you would you can you believe who we

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have with us today I am so excited I can

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hardly get a sentence out but we have

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with us today the one the only Mike

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Suffredini the outgoing ISS program

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manager big station life welcome to you

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thank you so much for being here thank

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you so much for having me oh I am

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obviously you can tell I'm really

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excited I mean we just to put this in

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context we have with us the the Big

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Kahuna the the tribal leader the the

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decision-making dude of the ISS for the

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last decade and there is just I think no

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better way to to say bon voyage than to

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be here on station life what do you

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think absolutely I think that's right I

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be I walked through the front of

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building one on my way in and out every

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day and I see you talking about station

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life and all these things I go sometimes

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we are making dreams come true here on

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station like well you know when it comes

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to station I think there's the name

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Suffredini and station are almost

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synonymous

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because you have been with the station

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since the beginning when it was being

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assembled and even before you became

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program manager you have been a part of

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building and developing this space

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station and you when you stepped into

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the role as program manager you had a

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vision and I'm I'm curious now as you

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are retiring from NASA and leaving the

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station and some very capable hands if

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how you feel your vision from the

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beginning meets the vision here as

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you're leaving so you know when I came

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to the program

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it's been about 20 years so in his

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program answer that's Tim before that

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you know it was the idea of just

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building a station was a daunting task

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the first several years of everyone's

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life was really about building it is it

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remotely possible to build it we had all

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kinds of wild plans every element that

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flew to space station we assumed in the

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design that it would fly twice that it

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would go up to station once we wouldn't

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wouldn't be successful it could fly home

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on the shuttle we'd fix whatever problem

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with us and fly it again every single

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module was built that way

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and of course we never had to which is a

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miracle in and of itself so as we

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started to see the end and insight and

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said oh my goodness gracious we're

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actually gonna get this done then we

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start thinking about the research more

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and more and other the research guys

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we're always thinking about research

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through the rest of us even as the even

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as the research guy the rest of us were

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focusing on just getting built but

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saying okay we have to do research then

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sometime and that's what the research

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guys really helped us keep the focus on

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and and a lot of the folks in management

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today have spent their time and research

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which i think is good but what research

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was back then was even different than

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what it is today so it also with the the

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research and this the things you were

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mentioning there's a lot of benefits of

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the International Space Station to

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humanity in all sorts of ways and not

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just humanity in terms of right here on

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earth

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but also going beyond lower

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but what are some of the things that you

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see the space station doing to help us

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get to beyond low-earth orbit to Mars so

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you know the biggest one right how do we

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keep people after you healthy and that's

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John that's that's a tough nut to crack

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you know we're starting to sort it out

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in low-earth orbit

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I think crews are coming home now with

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in a lot of cases more bone mass than

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they left with yeah that's right amazing

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so we now we're learning other things

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the eyes issues associated with the eye

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that we're working on so so human health

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of course is the most important thing

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and we say we need till 2026 but I would

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tell you it'll take beyond that we'll be

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always learning about the human system

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so I know that you've got you've got to

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leave the station in very capable hands

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with Kirk Shireman coming on board you

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and Kirk have worked a long time

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together man you've known each other for

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a long time what would you like to say

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anything more about that or should I

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tell everybody which guys go way back

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I've been on the same street from the

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same city we were pals back then but I'm

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sure it has something to do with the

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water we were drinking exactly that Kirk

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was when I became program manager took

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me a little while to find a deputy and

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Kirk was it and Kirk has been with me

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for about seven and a half I don't

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remember the time but it's like 7-7

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after years anyone ought to be deputy

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center director now he's back so Kirk no

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station cold he's he's a wonderful

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individual he's a great leader so he'll

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do a great job I feel like I've lived in

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capable hands and of course we have a

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number of individuals that operate

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different organizations flight ops is

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one there's a bunch of them and I feel

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like the leadership team that's in

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places is very capable as well so I feel

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good about that part of it as much as I

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hate leaving this wonderful job that we

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do and I can well is there anything else

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that you can think of about the space

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station you

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share with the audience sir you know

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it's I will I you know station people

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have asked me you know what's your

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legacy and to me the station is not my

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legacy

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no kidding no matter what anybody thinks

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today it is no kidding in the end would

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work the one of Mars we're gonna look

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back and go we were able to do it

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because we built that station we

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successfully use that station we kept it

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on a little bit long enough to get

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everything we needed out of it so we

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could go do exploration and and we will

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look back on this and go that was that

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was it that's what we did to get us

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started and long-term exploration so I

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think that's something that we ought to

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be proud of every day when you come to

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work say this is it this is the stepping

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stone this is really the stepping stone

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all right I can't add to that that was

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awesome and I just want to thank you so

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much Mike for being thank you for having

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00:16:05,860 --> 00:16:04,160
me it's awesome I appreciate it this is

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a real treat so thank you and best

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wishes to you from everybody here at

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station life and we are gonna miss you

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so much

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won't forget about you I'll be paying

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so not only are we studying the brain in

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space but we're working on new

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countermeasures to train the brain for

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sensory motor adaptability right here on

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the ground the Johnson Space Center Zone

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dr. Jacob Bloomberg and his team are

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hard at work creating new integrative

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counter measures to mitigate post-flight

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disturbances in locomotor function

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that's a fancy way to say that they are

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working on new training methods so

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astronauts can return home and adjust

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more quickly to the effects of gravity

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let's hear more about this training and

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00:17:29,610 --> 00:17:20,920
its benefits from the man himself dr.

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Jacob Bloomberg well one of the

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countermeasures that we're now currently

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developing is called sensory motor

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adaptability training and what we're

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trying to do in this countermeasure is

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basically train the brain to become more

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adaptable the brain is a very adaptable

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machine allows you to adapt to so many

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things that were ordinary life and we're

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trying to tap in to that inherent

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adaptability to improve your ability to

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00:17:57,030 --> 00:17:54,490
adapt to different gravitational

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00:17:59,970 --> 00:17:57,040
transitions now the way we're going to

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00:18:02,100 --> 00:17:59,980
do that essentially is to train you on

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00:18:05,010 --> 00:18:02,110
the ground to become a better adapter

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but exposing you to different sensory

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motor transformations and what that

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00:18:13,350 --> 00:18:11,020
really means is what we're going to do

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is put you on a treadmill that's placed

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on a six degree of freedom freedom

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motion base with a virtual scene in

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front and have you walk in very unusual

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walking and visual environments and what

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00:18:28,140 --> 00:18:25,120
we know is that kind of training

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enhances your ability to adapt to new

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environments so we can't simulate here

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on the ground

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a partial gravitational environment

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or marks but we can simulate some of the

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00:18:42,770 --> 00:18:40,860
sensory motor disturbances you will

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00:18:45,530 --> 00:18:42,780
experience so you can think of these

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more as surrogate challenges and the

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00:18:48,799 --> 00:18:46,950
idea is the more you train with these

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00:18:51,020 --> 00:18:48,809
surrogate challenges the better your

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00:18:53,330 --> 00:18:51,030
brain will be when they encounter you

425
00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:53,340
get a new challenge and it hinges on

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00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:56,880
this whole idea of learning to learn but

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00:19:00,799 --> 00:18:58,799
this training does enhances the brain to

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00:19:02,510 --> 00:19:00,809
learn to learn and that's really what

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00:19:05,120 --> 00:19:02,520
we're trying to do in our new

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00:19:06,250 --> 00:19:05,130
countermeasure approach well prior to

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00:19:08,299 --> 00:19:06,260
this we've been really discussing

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00:19:09,650 --> 00:19:08,309
changes in behavior and effects of

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00:19:12,169 --> 00:19:09,660
spaceflight on behavior for example

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00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:12,179
postural and gaining stability but the

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00:19:16,310 --> 00:19:13,710
brain itself is a tissue

436
00:19:18,770 --> 00:19:16,320
just like bone and muscle and it could

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00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:18,780
potentially change a result of exposure

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00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:20,970
long duration space like we have some

439
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:22,980
evidence with some of the animal work

440
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:25,110
that there are structural changes that

441
00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:26,010
are associated with long-duration

442
00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:27,870
spaceflights so we're now very

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00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:30,179
interested to see if long-duration space

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00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:33,450
by the is associated with chamber

445
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:35,450
changes in brain structure and function

446
00:19:40,220 --> 00:19:38,010
so we now have a new study called neural

447
00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:40,230
mapping and the pilot studies dr. Rachel

448
00:19:44,120 --> 00:19:42,090
Seidler from the University of Michigan

449
00:19:47,570 --> 00:19:44,130
we're collaborating with her on this new

450
00:19:50,630 --> 00:19:47,580
study to investigate this issue so what

451
00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:50,640
this study entails is looking at brain

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00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:53,340
structure and function using modern

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00:19:58,100 --> 00:19:55,710
neural mapping methodology to look at

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00:20:00,409 --> 00:19:58,110
how the brain as the tissue changes and

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00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:00,419
then compare that with potential changes

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00:20:05,060 --> 00:20:03,090
in behavior and performance and look at

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00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:05,070
the correlation between the toes and

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we're very excited about this new study

459
00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:08,790
and I think it's going to real real some

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welcome back and thanks for watching

461
00:20:40,860 --> 00:20:38,620
this episode of station life brain in

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00:20:43,020 --> 00:20:40,870
space today we learned how we're using

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the International Space Station to

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00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:45,100
better understand how our bodies adapt

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to weightless environments and

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00:20:50,580 --> 00:20:48,880
gravitational transitions this gain

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00:20:52,980 --> 00:20:50,590
knowledge will help us once we get to

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00:20:55,350 --> 00:20:52,990
Mars we learned about sensory motor

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00:20:57,300 --> 00:20:55,360
adaptability training and functional

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00:20:59,670 --> 00:20:57,310
recovery which also helps us better

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00:21:01,440 --> 00:20:59,680
understand mobility challenges here on

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00:21:03,180 --> 00:21:01,450
the earth such as defining more

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00:21:06,570 --> 00:21:03,190
effective rehabilitation interventions

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00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:06,580
in clinical populations and we got to

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00:21:12,180 --> 00:21:08,770
know the outgoing ISS program manager

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00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:12,190
Mike Suffredini talk about a solid show

477
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:14,890
this was it be sure to stay in touch and

478
00:21:18,570 --> 00:21:16,510
follow us on Facebook and Twitter for

479
00:21:20,490 --> 00:21:18,580
the latest research news and don't

480
00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:20,500
forget to download our groovy app on

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00:21:23,970 --> 00:21:21,310
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